Dandruff, a common scalp disorder affecting approximately 60% of the population, is primarily attributed
to Malassezia spp. Conventional antifungal shampoos containing potent synthetic agents such as
ketoconazole and miconazole are often associated with resistance development, adverse effects, and
frequent relapse. This study aims to develop and optimize a cost-effective antifungal shampoo incorporating
natural therapeutic agents and essential oils, formulated with sulfate-free surfactants to enhance scalp
compatibility and minimize irritation. A systematic Design of Experiments (DoE) approach was employed
to optimize key formulation parameters, including pH and viscosity. The antifungal activity against
Malassezia spp. was evaluated using the agar cup plate method, demonstrating significant zones of
inhibition due to the synergistic effect of the active components. Comprehensive physicochemical
characterizations—such as pH, viscosity, foaming capacity and stability, wetting time, surface tension,
particle size, zeta potential, and skin irritation—confirmed the formulation’s stability, efficacy, and safety.
The results suggest that this novel shampoo offers a promising, natural-based alternative to conventional
formulations, with enhanced therapeutic efficacy, reduced risk of relapse, and improved user acceptability.
Keywords: Dandruff, Malassezia, Antifungal shampoo, Sulfate-free, Design of Experiments (DOE)
Publication date: 01/05/2026
https://www.ijbpas.com/pdf/2026/May/MS_IJBPAS_2026_10139.pdf
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https://doi.org/10.31032/IJBPAS/2026/15.5.10139
